Understanding Glioblastoma: A Closer Look at One of the Most Aggressive Brain Tumors
Glioblastoma is one of the most complex and aggressive forms of brain cancer, known for its rapid growth and challenging treatment pathway. It develops from glial cells, which support the brain’s nerve cells, and often affects the brain’s cerebral hemispheres. What makes glioblastoma particularly dangerous is its ability to infiltrate surrounding brain tissue, making it extremely difficult to remove completely through surgery. Even when surgeons remove visible tumor mass, microscopic cancer cells can remain and continue to grow.
Although glioblastoma can occur at any age, it is most common in adults between 45 and 70 years old. Symptoms tend to appear suddenly and worsen quickly. Patients often experience severe headaches, seizures, loss of balance, memory issues, or changes in personality. These symptoms occur because the tumor creates pressure inside the skull or disrupts normal brain function depending on its location.
Diagnosis usually begins with a neurological examination followed by imaging tests such as MRI or CT scans. These scans help doctors identify the size and location of the tumor. However, the definitive diagnosis is made through a biopsy, where a small sample of the tumor is examined under a microscope. This helps classify the tumor and understand its molecular characteristics, which can guide treatment.
Treatment for glioblastoma typically involves a combination of surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. Surgery aims to remove as much of the tumor as possible without damaging essential brain structures. After surgery, radiation and chemotherapy help slow the tumor’s regrowth and target remaining cancer cells. One commonly used chemotherapy drug is temozolomide, which is taken orally and can cross the blood-brain barrier—an important factor when dealing with brain tumors.
Despite aggressive treatment, glioblastoma remains difficult to cure. Its invasive nature and genetic complexity make it resistant to many conventional therapies. Researchers around the world are exploring new approaches such as immunotherapy, targeted therapy, and personalized medicine. Immunotherapy works by training the immune system to recognize and destroy cancer cells. Targeted therapies focus on specific genetic mutations found in the tumor, offering more precise treatment options.
Another promising approach involves tumor-treating fields (TTFields), a technology that uses low-intensity electrical fields to disrupt cancer cell division. This therapy has shown potential in extending survival for some patients when used alongside chemotherapy. Advances in genomic profiling are also helping identify subtypes of glioblastoma, allowing doctors to tailor treatment based on the tumor’s unique biology.
Living with glioblastoma can be overwhelming, not only for the patient but also for their families. Supportive care—such as physical therapy, counseling, and palliative care—plays a crucial role in improving quality of life. Many patients benefit from support groups, rehabilitation services, and holistic therapies that help manage symptoms and provide emotional comfort.